TYPES OF THE MESSIAH, &c.
[ * UNEDITED * ]
[ * But useful * ]
That the things of the Old Testament are of things appertaining to the Messiah, and his kingdom and salvation, made manifestation the Old Testament it4f.
WE find by the Old Testament, that it has ever been God's manner from the beginning of the world, to exhibit and reveal future things by symbolical representations, which were no other than types of the future things revealed. Thus when future things were made known in visions, the things that were seen were not the future things themselves, but some other things that were made use of as shadows , symbols, or types of the th in
!~.u Thus the bowing of the sheaves of Joseph's breth en d the sun, moon, and stars doing obeisance to hicn, and Pharaoh's Fat and lean kine, and Nebuchadnezzar's image, and Daniel's four beasts, &c. were figures or types of the future things represented by them. And not only were types and figures made use of to represent future things when they were revealed by visions and dreams, but also when they were revealed by the word of the Lord coming by the mouth of the prophets (as it is expressed). The prophecies that the prophets uttered concerning future things, were generally wb similitudes, figures, and symbolical representations. ence prophecies of old were called parabks; as Balaam's prophecies, and especially the -phecies of the things of the Messiah's kingdom. q7he prophecies are given forth in allegories, and the things foretold spoken of, not under the proper names of the things themselves, but under the names of other things that are made use of in the prophecy as symbols or types of the things foretold. And it was the manner in those ancient times, to deliver divine instructions in general in symbols and emblems, and in their speeches and dis-courses to make use of types, and figures, and enigmatical speeches, into which holy men were led by the Spirit of God. This manner of delivering wisdom was originally divine, as may be argued from that of Solomon, Prov. i. 6. 11 To understand a proverb, (or parable,) and the inter-pretation, the words of the wise and their dark sayings ;" and from that of the psalmist, Psal. xlix. 3, 4. 11 My mouth shall speak of wisdom, and the meditation of my heart shall be of understanding. I will incline mine ear to a parable. I will open my dark sayings upon the harp." And Psal. lxxviii. 1, 2. 11 Give ear, 0 my people, to my law; incline your ears to the words of my mouth. I will
or th i parable, I will utter dark sayings of
ol - By a parable is meant an enigmatical symbolical speech . Ezek. xvii. 2. and xxiii. 3. Hence speeches of divine wisdom in general came to be called parables, as the speeches of Job and his friends. Hence of old the wise men of all nations, who derived their wisdom chiefly by tradition from the wise men of the church of God, who spoke by inspiration, fell into that method. They received instruction that way, and they imitated it. Hence it became so much the custom in the eastern nations to deal so much in enigmatical speeches and dark figures, and to make so much use of symbols and hieroglyphics, to represent divine thin s, or things appertaining to their gods and their religion. It seems to have been in imitation of the prophets and other holy and eminent persons in the church of God, who were inspired, that it became so universally
the custom among all ancient nations, for their priests,
prophets, and wise men to utter their auguries, and to
deliver their knowledge and wisdom in their writings and
speeches, in allegories and enigmas, and under symbolical
re=aotioris. Every thing that the wise said must be
in alegory, and veiled with types: as it was also
the mariner of the heathen oracles, to utter themselves
under the like representations.
We find that it was God's manner throughout the ages of the Old Testament, to typify future things, not only as lie signified them by symbolical and typical representations in those visions and prophecies in which they were reveal-ed, but also as he made use of those things that had an actual existence, to typify them, either by events that he brought to pass by his special frovidence to that end, or by things that be appointed aw commanded to be done for that end.
We find future things typified by what God did himself,
by things that lie brought to pass by his special provi-
dence. Thus the future struggling of the two nations of
the Israelites Rnd Edomites was typified by Jacob's and
Esau's struggling together in the womb. Gen. xxv. 22,
23. 11 And the children struggled together within her, and
she said, If it be so, why am I thus? And site went to
inquire of the Lord ; and the Lord said unto her, Two
nations are in thy womb, and two manner of people shall
be separated from thy bowels. And the one people sliall
be stronger than the other people, and the elder shall serve
the younger." And the prevalence of Jacob over Esau,
and his supplanting I;im, so as to get away his birthright
and blessing, and his posterity's prevailing over the Edom-
ites, was typified by Jacob's-hand taking hold on Esau's
heel in the birth. Gen. xxv. 26. 11 And after that came
his brother out, and his hand took hold on Esau's heel;
and his name was called Jacob," or, supplanter. Chap.
xxvii. 36. 11 Is he not rightly named Jacob? for he hath
su~planted me these two times. He took away my birth-
' tt, and behold now he hath taken away my blessing."
mlsea xii. 3, 6. 11 He took his brother by the' heel in the
womb-Therefore, turn thou to thy God," &c. And as
the Israelites overcoming and supplanting their enemies
in their struggling or wrestling with them, was typified
by Jacob's taking hold on Esau's heel, so Jacob~s ~nd his
seed's prevailing with God, in their spiritual wrestling
with him, was typified by his wrestling with God and
prevailing. Gen. xxxii. 28. 11 Thy name shall be called
no more Jacob, but Israel; for as a prince thou hast
power with God and with men, and hast prevailed." Hos.
xii. 4. 11 Yea, he had power over the angel, and prevailed :
he and made supplication unto him. He found him
in =1, and there be spake with us, even the Lord God
of hosts, the Lord is his memorial. Therefore, turn thou
to thy God : keep mercy and judgment, and wait on thy
God continually. ' The prevalence of the posterity 6f
Pharez over Zarah, who first put forth his hand, was tVpi-
fled by his unexpectedly breaking forth out of the womb
before him. Gen. xxxix. 29. So by Moses's being won-
derfully preserved in the midst of great waters, though but
a little helpless infant, and being drawn out of the water,
seems apparently to be typified the preservation and deli-
TYPES OF THE MESSIAH.
mire, w ere there is no standing; I am come into deep waters, where the floods overflow me;" with verse 14. "Deliver me out of the mire, and let me not sink; let me be delivered from them that hate me, and out of the deep waters." That the king of Israel smote three times upon the ground with his arrows, was ordered in providence to be a type of his beating the Syrians three times. 2 Kings xiii. i8, 19. The potter's working a work upon the wheels, and the vessel's being marred in the hand of the potter, so that be made It a . n another vessel, as seemed good to him to make it, at Te itime when Jeremiah went down to the potter's house, was ordered in provi-dence to be a type'of God's dealing with the Jews. Jer. xviii.
The twelve fountains of water and the threescore and ten palm-trees, that were in Elim, Exod. xv. 27. were manifestly types of the twelve patriarchs, the fathers of the tribes, and of the threescore and ten elders of the congre-gation. The paternity of a family, tribe, or nation, in the language of the Ola Testameni, is called a fountain. Dent. xxxiii. 28. 11 Israel shall dwell in safety alone; the fountain of Jacob shall be upon a land of co ' and wine."
rn Psal.:Ixviii. 26. 11 Bless the Lord from the fountain of Israel." Isa. x1viii. 1. cc If ear ve this, 0 house of Jacob, which are called by the name of Israel, and are come forth out of the waters 'of Judah." And the church of God is often represented in Scripture by a palm-tree or trees. Psal. xcii. 12. Cant. vii. 7, 8. And there were the elders or representatives of the church to palm-trees. God's people often are compare Isa. Ixi. 3. and Ix. 21. and elsewhere.
We find that God was often pleased to bring to pass ex-traordinary and miraculous appearances and events, to C
wl that relation, from one to the other; as is manifest from the account given of it, Gen. ii. 21-24. 11 And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept, and he took one of his ribs and closed up the flesh instead thereof; and the rib which the Lord God had taken from man, made lie a woman, and brought her unto the man. And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called woman, because she was taken out of man. Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife; and they shall be one flesh." And when God spake to Moses frorii the burning bush, concerning the great affliction and op-pression of the children of Israel in Egypt, and promised to preserve and deliver them, what appeared in the bush, viz. its burning with fire, and yet not being consumed, was evidently intended as a type of the same thing that God then spake to Moses aboui, viz. the church of Israel being in the fire of affliction in Egypt, and appearing in the ut-most danger of being utterly' consumed there, and Yet being marvellously preserved and delivered. Such a low and weak state as the people were in in Egypt, and such an inability for self-defence, we find in the Old Testament representea by a bush or low tree, and a root out of a dry ground, as was that bush in Horeb, which signifies a dry place. Isa. Iiii. 2. Ezek. xvii. 22-24. Affliction ana dan er in the language of the Old Testament, are called .~,re~ Zech. xiii. 9. 11 will bring the third part through thefire." Isa. x1viii. 10. 19 1 have chosen thee in the fur-
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naceof affliction." And God's marvellously preserving his ple, when in great affliction and danger, is repre-sentTb their beilrig preserved in the fire from being burnt. U x1iii. 2. 11 When thou passest through the waters I will be with thee-when thou walkest through the fire thou shalt not be burnt, neither shall the flame kindle. upon thee." And God's delivering the people of Israel from affliction, and from the destruction of which they were in danger, through bondage and oppression under the hand of their enemies, is represented by their being de-livered out of the fire. Zech. iii. 2. Is not this a brand plucked out of the fire ? Yea, that very thing of the deliver-ance of Israel out of Egy t, is often represented as their being delivered out of the'Xe. Psal. lxvi. 12. "We went through fire and through ~7ater, but thou broughtest its in-to a wealthy place." Deut. iv. 20. 11 The Lord hath taken you and brought you out of the iron furnace, even out of Egypt." So I Kings viii. 51. and Jer. xi. 4.
So Moses's rod's swallowing up the magicians' rods, Exod. vii. 12. is evidently given of God as a sign and type of the superiority of God s power above the power of their gods, and that his power should prevail and swallow up theirs. For that rod was a token of God's power, as a prince's rod or sceptre was a token of his power. Thus we read of the rod of the Messiah's strength, Psalm cx. So the turning of the water of the river of Egypt into blood, first by Moses's takint and pouring it oui on the dry land, and its becoming lood on the dry land, and afterwards by the river itself, and all the other waters of Egypt, being turned to blood, in the first plague on Egypt, was evidently a foreboding sign and type of what God threatened af the same time, viz. that if they would not let the people go, God would slay their first-born, and of his afterward destroying Pharaoh and all the prime of Eg t in the Red sea. (See Exod. iv. 9. and chap. vii.) GUIS making a great destruction of the lives of a people is, in the language of the Old Testament, a giving them blood to drink. Isa. xlix. 26. 11 And I will feed them that op-press thee with their own flesh, and they shall be drunken with their own blood." Aaron's rod budding, blossoming, and bearing fruit, is given as a type of God's owning and blessing his ministry, and crowning it with success. His rod was the rod of an almond-tree, Num. xvii. 8. which God makes use of in Jer. i. 1 t, 12. as a token and type of his word, that speedily takes effect, as Moses's rod of an almond-tree speedily brought forth fruit.
God caused the corn in the land of Judah to spring again,after it had been cut off with the sickle,and to bring forth another croT from the roots that seemed to be dead, and so, once an again, to be a sign and type that the remnant that was escaped of the house of Jtdab should again take root downward, and bear fruit upward, and that his church should revive again, as it were out of its own ashes, and flourish like a plant, after it has been seemingly destroyed and past recovery : as 2 Kings xix. 29, 30. and Isa. xxxvii. 30, 31.
God wrought the miracle of causing the shadow in the dial of Abaz to go backward, contrary to the course of na-ture, to be a sign and type of king Hezekiah's being in a miraculous nizzZurter, an contrary to the course of nature, healed of his sickness, that was in itself mortal, and brought back from the grave whither he was descending, and the sun of the day of his life being made to return back again, when according to the course of nature it was just a sqting. 2 Kings xx.
The miraculous uniting of the two sticks, that had the names of Judah and Joseph written upon them, so that they became one stick in the prophet's hand, was to typify the future entire union of Judah and Israel.
Also God miraculousl caused a gourd to come up in a night, over the head oFJonah, and to perish in a night, to typify the life of man. That gourd was a feeble, tender, dependent, frail vine. It came up suddenly, and was very green and flourishing, and was pleasant and refreshing, and it made a fine show for one day, and then withered and dried up. Jonah iv. 6, &c.
God reproved Jonah for his so little regarding the lives of the inhabitants of Nineveh, by the type of the gourd, which was manifestly intended as a type of the life ot man ; or of man vviih respect to his life, being exactly
644
agreeable to die representations frequently made of man, and hispresent, frail life, in other parts of the Old Testa-ment. This gourd was a vine, a feeble, dependent plant, that could not stand alone. This God therefore makes use of to re W:ent man, in Ezek. xv. This gourd was a very tender, I plant. It sprang up suddenly, and was veri short-lived. Its life was but one day; as the life of man is often compared to a day. It was green and.flourishing, and made a fine show one day, and was withered and dried up the next. It came up in a night and perished in a ni&ht; appeared flourishing in the morning, and the next everting was smitten, exactly agreeable to the representa-tion made of man's life in Psalm xc. 6. " In the morning it flourisheth and groweth up; in the evening it is cut down and withereth." The worm that smote the gourd,
Zresents the cause of man's death. The gourd was kill-pby a worm, a little thing; as man is elsewhere said to be crushed before the moth. It was that, the a
,sproach of which was not discerned; it came under groun : as else-where man is represented as not knowing the time of his death, as the fishes are taken in an evil net, &c. And as being smitten by an arrow that flies unseen. That this gourd was intended by God as an emblem of man's life, is evident from what God himself says of it, and the appli-cation he makes of it. God himself compares the lives of the inhabitants of Nineveh with this gourd, verse 10, 11. Jonah had pity on the gourd, i. e. on himself for the loss of it; for it was very pleasing and refreshing to him, while it lasted, and defended him orn scorching heat. So life is sweet. The Ninevites by its preservation were held back from the wrath of God, that had been threatened for their sins. How much more therefore should Jonah have had
on the numerous inhabitants of Nineveh, when God 9119 threatened them with the loss of life, which was an enjoy ment so much more desirable than the gourd was to him I And if he found fault with God, that he did not spare to him the shadow of the gourd; how unreasonable was he in also finding fault with God that he did spare the Ninevites their precious lives ?
God miraculously enabled David to kill the lion and the bear, and to deliver the lamb out of their mouth, plainly and evidently to be a type, sign, and encouragement unto him, that he would eniSle him to destroy the enemies of his people, that were much stronger than they, and deliver his peo le from them. David did this as a Aepherd over the t1ocZ of his father; and his acting the part of a shep~ herd toward them, is expressly spoken of as a resemblance of his the part of a ing and shepherd towards God's ~.tip%e from time to time. I Chron. xi. 2. Psalm lxxviii . 70, 71, 72. Jerem. xxiii. 4, 5, 6. Ezek. xxxiv. 23, 24. Chap. xxxvii. 24. And God's people in places innumerable are called his flock, and his sheep, and their enemies, it) David's Psalms and elsewhere, are compared to the lion and other beasts of prey that devour the shee
and David himself calls his own deliverance, and the L liverance of God's people, a being saved from the lion's mouth. Psalm vii. 1, 2. and xvii. 12, 13. and xxii. 20, 21. and xxxv. 17. and lvii. 3, 4. And David himself thus understood and improved God's thus miraculously enabling him to conquer these wild beasts, and deliver the lamb, as a representation and sign of what God would enable him to do for his people against their strong ene-mies; as is evident from what he said to Saul, when be offered to go against Goliath.
The accidental rending of Samuel's mantle, I Sam. xv. 27, 28. signified the rending of the kingdom from Saul. It was a common thing for God to order and appoint things to be done by men, in order to typify future events ; so Samuel poured out water in Mizpen, 1 Sam. vii. 6. to sig-nify their repentance. See Pool's Synopsis. Ahijah's rending Jeroboam's garment in twelve s, and giviru, him ten, was to testify the rending the ~iin_gdecim of Israel', and giving him ten tribes. I Kings xi. 30, &c. So see I Ki~gs xx. 35, &c. and 2 Kings xiii. 14-20. The pro-pl~e, . assisting the king of Israel, in shooting an arrow eastward, towards Syria, was appointed of Go to signify that he would assist the king of Israel in fighting with th'e S.yrians. 2 Kings xiii. 15, &c. The prophet Isaiah by God's appointment went naked and barefoot, to typify th'e E.gyptians and Ethiopians going naked and barefoot in
TYPES OF THE MESSIAH.
their captivity. Isaiah xx. Jeremiah by God's appoint-
ment typified the captivity of the Jews into Babylon, with
many of its circumstances, by taking a linen girdle and
putting it on his loins, and hiding it in a hole in a rock by
the river Euphrates, and returning again to take it from
thence. Jer. xiii. He was commanclM to typify the de-
struction of the people by breaking a potter's vessel. Chap.
xix. By taking a wine cup and offering it to many nations
agreeably to God's appointment and direction, he typified
God's causing them as it were to drink the cup of his fury.
Chap. xxv. And he was commanded to make bonds and
yokes, and put them upon his neck and send them to the
neighbouring kings, to typify the yoke of bondage under
Nebuchadnezzar that God was about to bring upon them.
Chap. xxvii. Nehemiah shook his lap, Neb. v. 13. to sig-
nify the shaking of every man from his house who should
not perform the oath which theY bad taken. Ezekiel very
often.typified future events, by things that he did by God's
appointment; as by his eating t e roll, &c. Ezek. iii.
And by lying on his side, and many other things that he
was to do, that we have an account of, Ezek. iv. And bY
shaving his head and beard, and burning part of the hair
in the fire, &c. chap. v. and b * v making a chain, ebap. vii.
23.; and by his removing, with the many circumstances
that God directed him to, chap. xii. 1, &c. ; and by his
eating 'is bread with trembling, verse 18. ; by filling a pot
with the choice pieces of flesh on the fire, &c.; and by his
not mourning for his wife, cbap. xxiv. The prophet Hosea
typified the things he prophesied of, by taking a wife of
whoredoms, Hos. i. and by marrying an adulteress, with the
circumstances of it, chap. iii. The prophet Zechariah was
commanded to typify the things he predicted, by making
silver andtteolden crowns on the heads of those that return-
ed from captivity, Zech. vi. ; and by the two staves
called Beauty and Bands; and by his casting money to the
potter in the house of the Lord ; and his taking the instru-
ments of a foolish shepherd. Chap. xi.
It was so common a thing for the prophets to typify things that were the subjects of their prophecies by divine ap-pointment, that the fialse prophets imitated them in it, and were wont to feign directions from God to typify the sub-jects of their false prophecies. See I Kings xxii. 11. and Jer. xxviii. 10. Things in common use among the Israelites were spoken of by the Spirit of God as types. Thus the vine-tree is spoken of as a type of man, especially of God's visible people. Ezek. xv.
It being so much God's manner from the beginning of the world, to represent divine things by types, hence it pro-bably came to pass, that typical representations were look-ed upon by the ancient nations, the Egyptians in particu-. ayp
lar, as sacred things, and therefore called hie?o I hies, which signifies sacred images orrrpresentations. nd ani-mals being very much made use of in the ancient types of the church of God, so theY were very much used in the F ptian hieroglyphics, which probably led the way to
tr vv.~ .
Now since it was, as has been observed, God's manner of old, in the times of the Old Testament, from generation to generation, and even from the beginning of the world to the end of the Old-Testament history, to represent divine things b , v outward signs, types, and symbolical representa-tions, and especially thus to typify and prefigure future events, that lie revealed by his Spirit, and foretold by the prophets ; it is very unlikely, that the Messiah, and things appertaining to his kingdom and salvation, should not be thus abundantly prefigured and typified under the Old Testament, if the fbIlowing things be considered.
It is apparent from the Old Testament that these things are the main subject of the prophecies of the Old Testa-ment, the subject about which the spirit of prophecy was chiefly conversant from the beginning of the world. 1twas the subject of the first proper prophecy that ever was uttered: and it is abundantly evident from the Old Testament, that it is every way the chief of all prophetical events. 'Tis spoken of abundantly as the greatest and most glorious event, beyond all that eye had seen, ear beard, or had en-tered into the heart o man; at the accomplishment of which not only 6od's people and all nations should un-speakably'retice, but the trees of the field, the hills and mountains t e sea and dry land, and all heaven and earth,
TYPES OF THE MESSIAH.
should rejoice and shout for joy ; and in comparison of which the greatest events of th~ Old Testament, and parti-cularly those two most insisted on, the creation of the world and the redemption out of Egypt, were not worthy to be mentioned or to come into mind, and in comparison of which the greatest arid most sacred things of the Mosaic dispensation, even the ark itself, the most sacred of all, was not worthy of notice. And it is also abundantly evident from the Old Testament, that it was the grand event that, above all other future events, was the object of tire contem-plations, hopes, and raised expectations of God's people, from the beginning of the world.
And furthermore, the introducing of the Messiah and his
kingdom and salvation, is plainly spoken of in the Old
Testament, as the great event which was the substance,
main drift, and end of all the prophecies of the Old Tesla-
ment, to reveal which cbiefly it was, that the spirit of pro-
phec * v was given, in that the angel, in Dan. ix. 24. speaks
of tills event, as that in the accomplishment of which pro-
phecies in general are summed up, and have their ultimate
confirmation, in which the vision and prophecy, or all pro-
phetical revelation, has its last result and consummation.
11 Sevent ' v weeks are determined upon thy people and upon
thy holy city ; to finish the transgression, and to make an
et;d of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to
bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up ihe vision
and prophec ' y, and to anoint the most holy." That what
has been expressed is the import of the phrase of sealing
up the vision and prophec.v, is evident from the drift and
manner of expression of the whole verse, and also from
Ezek. xxviii. 12. 11 Thou sealest up the slim, full of wis-
dom and perfect in beauty." Mr. Basnage, in his history
of the Jews, observes, that the rabbies among the Jews
still agree to this day, that all the oracles of the prophets
relate to the Messiah. Page 371. Col. 1.
And besides, it is to be considered, that this event was that in which the people of God, from the beginning of the world, were most nearly and greatly concerned : yea, was of infinitely the greatest concern to them of all pro'phetical events; for 'tis evident from the Old Testament, that the Messiah was not only to be the Saviour of God's people, that sbould be after his coming; but that he was the Saviour of the saints in all ages from the be-ginniny of the world, and that through his coming, and what te should do at his appearing, they all should have the only true atonement for their sins, and restoration from the curse brought upon them by the fall of Adam, the resurrection from the dead, and eternal life.
serrael, many, things which God ordered and appointed
among them, should be typical of things appertaining to the
Messiah ; because it is evident from the Old Testament,
that the very being of that people as God's people, and
their being distinguished and separated from the rest of
the world, was to prepare the way for the introduction of
that great blessing into the world of mankind, of the Mes-
siah and his kingdom. It seems to be pretty plainly inti-
mated by God, at the first planting of the tree, or foi.;nding
that ancient church, and separating that people from the
rest of the world, in the call of Abraham, in the three first
verses of Gen. xii. 11 Now the Lord had said unto Abra-
ham, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred,
arid from thy father's house, unto a land that I will show
thee ; ai)d f will make of thee a great nation ; and I will
bless thee, and make thV name great; and thou shalt be a
blessing; and I will bless them that bless thee, and curse
him that curseth thee ; and in thee shall all families of the
earth be blessed." It here seems to be manifest, that the
introducing that great good, which God had in view, to all
the families of the earth, was what God had in view, in
thus calling and separating Abraham, to make of him a
happy nation. it is therefore much the more likely, that
many things belonging to them should be typical 'of the
greai future thin-gs appertaining to this great blessing,
which was the great end God designed by them: and
especially considering that we find it to be 6od's manner
under the Old Testament, in both persons and things, to
signif - v and represent beforehand, that which God made or
separated them for, or the special use or design God had
645
in view with respect to them. It was God's manner be-
forehand to signify and represent these things, in what
a=ed tto them, or happened concerning them. So he
in he signification of the names that he gave them,
as in the names of Eve, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Israel,
Judah, Joshua, David, Solomon, &c -and in things
which they saw or did, or which came to pass concerning
them ; as ~Moses's being drawn out of the water, and what
God showed him in Horeb, before he went into Egypt
from Midian, in the burning bush; and in David, m1his
slaying the lion and bear and delivering the lamb.
Again we find that many lesser redemptions, deliver-
ances, and victories of God's'people, which it is plain even
from the Old Testament, were as nothing in comparison
with the salvation and victory of the Messiah, were by
God's ordering represented by t ' ypes ; as the redemptioil
out of Egypt. This was much typified afterwards in in-
stitutions that God appointed in commemoration of it.
And the reason given by God for his thus tisif ying of it,
was that it was so worthy to have signs an' representa-
tions to fix it in the mind. Thus concerning the repre-
sentations of their coming out of Egy in the passover,
by eating it with unleavened bread, witEttheir staff in their
hand, &c. this reason is given -A by they should have such
representations and memorials of it. Exod. xiii. 42. It is
a night much to be remembered. This redemption out of
Egypt was also much typified beforehand. Itwastypified
in ihe smoking furnace'and the burning lamp fbllo~ving it
which Abraham saw. Gen. xv. 17. It was t%pified in
Moses's being drawn out of the water, and in the burning
bush that survived the flames, and by Moses's rod's swal-
lowing up the magicians' rods. David's victor ' v over the
enemies of God's people, and his saving them out of their
hands, was typified by his conquering the lion and the
bear, and res'euing the lamb. God's giving victory to
Israel over the Syrians, and delivering them fi-om them,
was t ' vpified by the prophet's helping the king of Israel
to shoot an arrow towards them. 2 Kings xiii. 15, &c.
The salvation of Jerusalem from Sermacherib's army was
typified by the springing of the corn afresh from the roots
of the stubble. liezekiah's being saved from death was
typified by bringing back the sun, when it was going down.
Since, therefore, God did so much to typify those lesser
victories and salvations, is it not exceedingly likely that
great victory and redemption of the Messiah, which ap-
pears by the Old Testament to be infinitely greater, and
that was all along so much more insisted on, in the word
of the Lord to the people, should be much more typi-
fied ?
It is much more reasonably and credibly supposed, that
God should through the ages of the Old Testament be
very much in t ' ypifying things pertaining to the Messiah
and his salvation, not only in prophecies, but also in types ;
because we find in fact, that at the very beginning of Ood's
revealing the Messiah to mankind, prophecies and types
went together in the first prophecy of the Messiah, and the
first proper prophecy that ever was in the world, God fore-
told and typified the redemption both together, when God
said to th~ serpent, Gen. iii. 15. 11 1 will put enmity be-
tween thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her
seed. It shall bruise thy head, and tbou shalt bruise his
heel." This is undoubtedly a prediction of the Messiah's
victor , v over Satan, and his suffering from Satan, and of the
Messiah's people's victory and deliverance through him.
And none can reasonably question but that here is also
some respect had to that enmity there is between mankind
and serpents, and the manner of serpents wounding man-
kind and of men's killing them ; for God is here speaking
concerning a beast of the field that was ranked with the
cattle, as appears by the foregoing verse. And this state
of things with respect to serpents, was plainly ordered and
established in these words. But if we suppose that both
these things were intended in the same words, then un-
doubtedly one is spoken of and ordained as a representa-
tion of the other. If God orders and speaks ofthe bruising
of a serpeDt's head, and thereby signifies the Messiah's
conquering the devil, that is tfie same thing as God's
ordering arid speaking of the bruising of a serpent's head as
a sign, signification, or (which is the same thing) type of
his conquering the devil. And in what is said to the ser-
646
pent, ver. 14. 11 Thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field: upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life ;" it is evident that God speaks concerning that serpent that was a beast of the field. And yet it is also evident by the Old Testa-merit, that he has respect to something pertaining to the state of the devil, that should be brought to pass by the Messiah; as by Isa. lxv.25. 11 The wolf and the iamb shall feed together; and the lion shall eat straw like the bul-lock, and dust shall be the serpent's meat. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain ;11 com ared with Isa. xi. 1-9. together with Isa. xxvii. 1. and Kh. iii. 1, 2, &c. Thus the very first thing that was ordered and established in this world after the fall, was a type of the Messiah, and was ordered as such : which argues that typifying of the Messiah is one principal way of God's foreshowing him. And as types and prophe~ies of the Messiah began together, so ihere is reason to think that they have kept pace one with another ever since.
it is more credible, that not only some particular events that came to pass amon the Jews, or things appointed to be done among them, Mould be typical, but that the state or constitution of the nation, andf their way of living in many things, was typical, because we have an instance-of an appointment of a way of living in a particular family or race, to continue from generation to generation, in the chief and more important things appertaining to the out-ward state and way of life, requiring that which was very diverse from the manner of living of all others, and that which was very self-denying, in order to qify something
itual. Ile instance I mean is that of 't e posterity of 7.inradab, the son of Recbab, who was required by the command of Jonadab, commanding them by the spirit of prophecy to drink no wine, nor build any house, nor sow seed, nor plant vineyard.
It is a great argument, that the ancient state of the na-tion of Israel, and both things that appertained to their religious constitution, and God's providential disposal of them, were typical of the Messiah ; that the Jews them-selves anciently thus understood the matter. The ancient Jewish rabbies (as Mr. Basnage, in his history of the Jews, observes, p. 368.) judged that all things happened to their fathers as types and figures of the Messiah. See also Bp. Kidder's Demn. of the Messiah, part 2. p. 40. and part 1. p. 73 1 74. Ibid. p. 111, 112. Did. 150. and part 2. p. 67,71,77 , 78, and 106.
As to the historical events of the Old Testament, it is an argument that many of them were types of things ap-pertaining to the Messiah's kingdom and salvation, that these things are often in the Old Testament expressly spoken of as re . esented or resembled by those historical
e Kr
vents. And t ose events are sometimes not only men-
tioned as resemblances, but as si and pledges, of those
g!eat things Of the Messiah. InT.S. xIi . Abraham's great
victory over the kings and nations of the east, is spoken of
as a resemblance of the victory of the Messiah and his
.~e 'e. over eir enemies. Abraham is here called the
O't- I ru-~' ver. 2.; as the Messiah in the same dis-
in the beginning of the next chapter, the Messiah
is called God's servant, that shall bring forth ' judgment to
the Gentiles, and bring forth judgment unto truth, and
set judgment in the earth. God is said, x1i. 2. to call
Abraham to his foot. Chap. x1ii. 6. it is said of the Mes-
siah, 11 1 have called thee to righteousness." Of Abraham
it is 'd ha x1i. 2. "That God gave the nations before
, sal ' C Tust to his sword, and as the driven stubble him as the to his bow: " and this is spoken of for the encouragement of God's people, as a resemblance and pledge of what he would do for them in the days of the Messiah, when fie would cause their enemies before them to be ashamed and confounded, to be as nothing and to perish ; so that they shall seek them, and should not find them, and they that war against them shall be as nothing, and as a thing of nought; and they should thresh the mountains and beat them small, and make the hills as chaff: so that the wind should carry them away, and the whirlwind should scatter them. Verses 11, 12, 15, 16.
The church or spouse of the Messiah is spoken of, in Cant. vi. 13. as being represented by the company of Ma-hanaim, that we have an account of Gen. xxxii. at the be-
TYPES OF THE MESSIAH.
The redemption out of Egypt is very often in the Old
Testament spoken of as a resemblance of the redemption
by the Messiah. Numb. xxiii. 22, 23. " God brought
them out of Ent, he hath as it were the strength of an
unicorn. Sure y there is no enchantment against Jacob,
neither is there any divination against Israel. According
to this time shall it be said of Jacob and of Israel, What
hath God wrought!" Mic. vii. 15. "According to the
days of thy coming out of the land of Egypt, will I
show unto him marvellous things." Isa. Ixiv. 1, 3, 4.
" Oh that thou wouldest rend the heavens; that thou
wouldest come down, that the mountains might flow
down at thy presence I When thou didst terrible
things that we look not for, the mountains flowed down
at thy presence. For since the begirming of the world,
men have not heard uor perceived by the ear," &c. Isa.
xi. 11. 11 And it shall come to pass in that day, that the
Lord shall set his hand again the second time, to recover
the remnant of his people which shall be left fiorn Assyria,
and from Egypt ;' together with verses 15, 16. This re-
demption out of Egypt, is evidently spoken of as a resem-
blance of the redemption of the Messiah. In Psal. 1xviii. 6.
11 God bringeth out. those that were bound with chains."
Verse 13. 11 Though ye have lien among the pots, yet shall
ye be as the wings of a dove covered with silver, and her
feathers with yellow gold ; " in which there is an evident
reference to the people's hands being delivered from the
pots in Egypt. Psal. lxxxi. 6. and the context, makes this
evident. And the drift and design of the psalm shows
this to be a promise of the Messiah's redemption. God's
dividing the-Red sea and the Jordan, and leading the peo-
ple through them, are often spokenof as resemblances of
what God shall accomplish for his people in the days of
the Messiah. I-a. xi. 11. 11 And it shall come to pass in
that day, that the Lord shall set his hand again the second
time to recover the remnant of his people that shall be left
-from Egy ' Ver. 15, 16. "And the Lord shal I ut-
terly destroypt1he tongue of the Egyptian sea, and shake his
ha over ihe river, and shall smite it in the seven streams,
and cause men to go over dry shod. And there shall be
an high way for the remnant of his people, which shall be
left from Assyria, like as it was to Israel, in the day that
he came up out of the land of Egypt." Isa. x1iii. 2, 3.
" When thou passest through the waters, I will be with
thee ; and through the rivers, they shall not overflow, thee
-for I-gave Eg * vpt for thy ransom ; " ver. 16, 17, 18, 19.
11 Thus saith the Lord, which maketh a way in the sea,
and a path in the mighty waters, which bringeth forth the
chariot and horse, the army and the power; they shall lie
down together, they shall not rise : they are extinct, they
are quenched as tow. Remember not f~rmer things-Be-
hold, I will do a new thiz a xxvii.
a;: Ch - 12 "And it shall come to pass at that hat Te Lord shall beat off from the channel of the river under the stream of Egypt," (or the Lord shall strike off, or smite away, both the chan-nel of the river and the stream of Egypt, and ye shall be gathered one by one, 0 ve children of Is,rael." Chap. li. 10, 11. "Art not thou ii which hath dried up the sea, the waters of the great deep, that hath made the depths of the sea a way for the ransomed of the Lord to pass over ? Therefore, the redeemed of the Lord shall return and come with singing unto Zion," &c. Ver. 15. 11 But I am the Lord thy G od, that divided the sea," &c. Chap. 1xiii. 11, 12, 13. 11 Then be remembered the days of old, Moses and his people, saving, Where is he that brought them up out of me sea with the shepherd of his flock ? Where is he that put his Holy Spirit within him? That led them by the right hand of Moses, with his glorious arm, dividing the water before them, to make himself an everlasting name? That led them through the deep as a horse in the wilderness?" Psal. 1xviii. 22. 11 1 will bring my peo-ple again from the depths of the sea." Zech. x. 10, 11. 11 1 will brin.g them again also out of the land of E ypt-and he shall pass through the sea with affliction, ani shall smite the waves in the sea, and all the deeps of the river sliall dry up, and the pride of Assyria shall be brought down, ~nd the sceptre of Egypt shall depart away."
TYPES OF THE MESSIAH.
sea, is spoken of as a resemblance of the destruction of the enemies of God's people by the Messiah. Isa. x1iii. 16, 17. 11 Thus saith the Lbrd, which maketh a way in the sea, and a path in the mighty'waters; which bringeth forth the chariot and horse, the army and the power; they shall lie down together, they shall not rise." And parti-cularly Pharaoh's destruction in the Red sea, is spoken of as a type of the Messiah's bruising the head of the old serpent or dragon. Isa. li. 91 10. "Awake, awake, put on thy strength, 0 arm of the Lord. Art not thou it that hath cut Rahab and wounded the dragon ? Art not thou it which hath dried up the sea, the waters of the great deep, that bath made the depths of the sea a way for the ransomed to pass over? Therefore, the redeemed of the Lord shall return, and come with singing unto Zion," &c. Pharaoh is called leviathan and the dragon in Psalm lxxiv. 13, 14. as the devil is in a like destruction in the Messiah's time, Isa. xxvii. 1. That Pharaoh is intended in those forementioned places by the dragon and leviathan, is very manifest from Ezek. xxix. 3. and xxxii. 2.
Ile joy and songs of the children of Israel at their re-t eliverance from
ken of as a resem-have in the redemp-I And she shall sing there as in the days of her youth; and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt." The Spirit of " seems to have reference to the rn'anner of his leading ~nd guarding the people when they went up out of Egy,
i.nggoing before them to lead them, and behind to keep tt
y t ans from hurting them; and to compare what he
would1do in the Messiah's days thereto. Isa. Iii. 12. 11 For
ye shall not go out with haste, nor go by flight: for the
lord will go before you; the God of Israel will be your
rereward;" the God of Israel, that God that thus led Israel
out of Egypt, when he entered into covenant with them,
and became the God of that people. Here see Pool's
Synopsis on Exod. xii. 14. God's leading the people
tbrou,h the wilderness, is spoken of as a resemblance of
what 'hould be accomplished towards God's people in the
Messiah's times. Isa. 1xiii. 13. 11 That led them through
the deep as a horse in the wilderness." Psalm 1xviii. 8.
11 0 God, when thou wentest before thy people; when
thou didst march through the wilderness;' compared with
the rest of the psalm. Hos. ii. 142 15. 11 1 will allure her,
and bring her into the wilderness, and speak comfortably
to her, and she sball sing as in the days of her youth ; as
in the day when she came up out of the land of' Egypt."
Ezek. xx. 34-37. 11 And I will bring you out from the
people, and gather you out of the countries wherein ye are
scattered, with a mighty hand and with a stretched-out
arm, and with fury poured out " (plainly alluding to God's
manner of redeeming the people out of *Egypti. il And I
will bring You into the wilderness of the p~op e, and there
will I pleaa with you face to face; like as I pleaded with
y~ur fathers in the wilderness of the land. of Egypt, ~o
will I plead with you, saith the Lord God An will
cause you to pass under the rod, and will bring you into
the bond of the covenant." Where we may also observe
that God's speaking with the people face to face, and enter-
ing into covenant with them, and making them his cove-
nant people when he brought them out of Egypt, is spoken
of as a resemblance of God's revealing , Iiiinself to his
people in the days of the Messiah, and bringing them into
a covenant relation to himself by him. God's appearing
with the children of Israel in a pillar of cloud and fire, is
spoken of as a resemblance of what God would do for his
!ople in the days of the Messiah. Isa. iv. 11 And the
10rd will create upon every dwelling-place of mount
Sion, and upon her assemblies, a cloud and smoke by day,
and the shining of a flame of fire by night. For upon A
the glory sball be a defence." The quaking of the earth
and of mount Sinai, at the time of the giving of the law,
ken of as a resemblance of what should be in the
Is 'po h's days. Ps. 1xviii. B. 11 The earth shook-even
Messia
Sinai itself wiis moved at the presence of God, the " of
Israel." So the great effect of God's presence on the
mountains,and especially mount Sinai's being all enkindled
by so great and dreadfiil a fire, is plainly spoken of as a
647
resemblance of what should be in the days of the Messiah. Isa. 1xiv. 1-4. 11 Ob that thou wouldst rend the heavens, that thou wouldst come down, that the mountains might flow down at thy presence, as when the melting fire burn-eth-When tliou didst terrible thinge which we looked not for, thou camest down; the mountains flowed down at thy presence. For since the beginning of the world men have not heard," &c. So the rain that descended on the
Keople, at the time of the thunder and lightning at motmt inai, or at the time of the great hailstones that God sent on the Amorites, Psalm 1xviii. 7, 8, 9. , 0 God, when thou wentest forth before thy people, when thou didst march shook, the heavens 7hou, 0 Lord, didst idst refresh thine in-
ings do abundantly Egypt, and the cir-it, were intended by the great di~'poser of all thin to types of the redemp-tion of God 9 pla le by the Pmess , and of things apper-taining to that. r emption.
It is an argument that the manna God gave the children of Israel was a type of something spiritual, because it is called the com of heaven and angels' food. Ps. lxxviii. 24,25.andPs.ev.40. It could be angels' food no other-wise than as representing something spiritual.
No- by way I would remark, what was before made use of a. !e
argument, that the great redemption by the Messiah was very much typified beforehand, is very greatly strengthened by what has been now observed. I-meaii that argument that lesser redem
ing represented by. types, an particularly that the re-demption of the children of Isme out of Egypt was much typified beforehand. Now if this was so, that God was much in typifying this redemption beforehand, which itself 'was a typ~ of the great redem on by the Messiah; how much more may we suppose ri"s great redemption itself, that is the antitype of that, should be abundantly typified I Will God do much to typify that, which was itself but a shadow of the Messiah s salvation? And shall he not be much more in prefiguring the very substance-even that great redemption by the Messiah, in comparison of which the former is often in the Old Testament represented as worthy of no remembrance or notice ?
G 's bringing his people into Canaan, to a state of rest and happiness there, is spoken of as a resemblance of what God would do for his people through the Messiah. Jer. xxxi. 2. 11 Thus saith the Lord, the people that were left of the sword, found grace in the wilderness, even Israel, when I went to cause him to rest:" compared with the rest of the chapter and the foregoing chapter. Isa. 1xiii. 14. 11 As the beast goeth down into the valley, the Spirit of the Lord caused him to rest. So didst thou lead thy people to make thyself a glorious name:" together with the context. Ps. 1xviii. 10. 11 Thy congrepation hath t
dwelt therein: thou, 0 God, bast lyr~pared o thy good-ness for the poor." Ver. 13. 11 Though ye have lain among the pots, yet shall ye be as the wings of a dove," &c.-together with the context. The manner of God's giving Israel the possession of Canaan, viz. by a glorious con-quest of the kings and nations of the land, is spoken of as a resemblance of the manner in which God would bring his people to rest and glory, by the Messiah, after his ex-altation, Ps. 1xviii. 11, 1~. "The Lord gave the word; great was the company of them thattublished it. Kings of armies did flee apace; and she at tarried at home divided the spoil." Ver. 14. 11 When the Almighty scat-tered kings in it, it was white as snow in Salmon,' taken with ver. 21, 22, 23. 11 But God shall wound the head of his enemies-Ile Lord said, I will bring again from Basban; I will bring my people again from the depths of through the wilderness,-thi earth dropped at the presence of God. I send a plentiful min, where thou d beritance when it was weary 1~7
.' These th confirm, that the redemption out of cumstances and events that attended be iah
the sea: that thy foot may be dipped in the blood of thine enemies, and the tongue of thy dogs in the same." Ver. 30. 11 Rebuke the company of spearmen, the multitude of bulls," &c.-together with the rest of the psalm.
What theAeople of God should be brought to, in the days of the essiah, is spoken of as represented by the children of Israel's slaving Acban in Joshua's time. Hos. ii. 15. 11 And I will Live her her vineyards from thence, and the valley of Achor for a door of hope; and she shall
648
sing there, as in the days of her youth, as ~ in the day when she came up out of the land of -Egypt."
What came to pass in the time or Joshua's battle with
the five kings of the Amorites, and particularly God's
sending down great hailstones upon them, is spoken of as
a resemblance of what should be in the days of the Mes--
siah. Isa. xxviii. 21. " For the Lord shall rise up in
mount Perazim, and his wrath as in the valley of Gibeon,
that he ma do his work, his strang, wo~k d brin to
pass hit y stmnge act:,, to t, an %:
hold the Lord It Fatron;one,.Iii~h as
tempest of hail, and a destroying storm,--shall cast
down to the earth with the hand." And chap. xxx. 30.
" And the Lord shall cause his glorious voice to be heard,
and shall show the lighting down of his arm, with the in-
dignation of his anger-with tempest and hailstones."
And xxxii. 19. 11 When it shall hail, coming down on the
forest; and the city shall be low in a low place" (or shall
be utterly abased). And Ezek. xxxviii. 29. 11 1 will min
upon him an overflowing min, and great hailstones."
What God did for Israel in the victory of Deborah and Barak over the Canaanites, is spoken of as a resemblance of what God would do for his people against their enemies in the days of the Messiah; Psal. lxxxiii. 9, 10, "Do unto them as unto Sisera, as to Jabin at the brook of Kison which perished at En-dor: they became as dung for the earth." For this psalm is prophetical, and these things have respect to the great things God would do apinst the future enemies of his church. For it does not appear that there was any such confederacy of the nations mentioned against Israel in David's or Asaph's time; and particu-larly it does not look probable, that there was any such enmity of the inhabitants of Tyre against Israel, as here spoken of, ver. 7. And it is very probable, that as this Nsalm is prophetical, so it is prophetical of the Messiah's
ays ; as most of the psalms are. And there is a great agreement between what is here foretold of the destruction of the enemies of the church, and what is foretold of the Messiah's days in many other places. And the last verse,
which , of God's being made known to all mankind as the .Iv true God, and the God of all the earth, further confirms this.
Gideon's victory over the Midianites, is spoken of as a resemblance of what should be accomplished in the Mes-siah's days. Isa. ix. 4. " For thou bast broken the yoke of his burden and the staff of his shoulder, the rod of his op-pressor, as in the day of Midian." Psal. lxxxiii. 9. 11 Do unto them as unto the Midianites." Ver. 11. 11 Make their nobles like Oreb and like Zeeb; yea, all their princes as Zeba and Zalmunna." As in the destruction of the Midianites every man's sword was against his brother ; so it is foretold, that it should be with the enemies of God's people ~n the Messiah's times. Ezek. xxxviii. 14. 11 Every man's sword shall be against his brother." flag. ii. 2~. 11 And I will overthrow the throne of kingdoms, and I will destroy the strength of the kingdoms of the heathen, and I will overthrow the chariots of them that ride in them, and the horses and their riders shall come down every one by the sword of his brother."
God's wonderful appearance for David at Baal-Perazim, to fight for him, against his enemies' Is s oken of as a
resemblance of what should be in he Messil , times. Isa. xxviii.21. 11 For theliord shall rideupas inmount Perazim."
In Zech. ix. 15. 11 The Lord of hosts shall defend them, and shall devour and subdue with sling-stones." There seems a reference to David's subduing Goliath with a sling-stone, as though that were a resemblance of the manner in which the enemies of God's people should be subdued in the times of the Messiah; and this is an ar-gument that David's bruising the head of this giant and grand enemv of God's church, is a type of the Messiah, the Son of David, and who is often called by the name of David in Scripture, bruising the head of Satan.
Testament in the whole series of them, from the beginning
of God's great works for Israel in order to their redem
tion out even to their full possession of t
promised Of Egy tit
land inpt e days of David, and the building of the temple in the days 4 Solomon, were t~pical things, and that under the whole history was hid, in a mystery
TYPES OF THE MESSIAH.
or pamble, a glorious system of divine truth concerning greater things than these, that a plain, summary rehearsal or narmtion of them is called a parable and dark saying Psal. Ixxviii. 2. It is evident that here by a t meant merely a set discourse of things, ap-divine wisdom, as the word partible is some-but roperly a mystical, enigmatical speech, signifying spiritua and divine things, and figurative and typical representations ; because it is called both a parable and dark sayings.
It is an argument that many of the historical events of the Old Testament are types of the great events apper-taining to the Messiah's coming and kingdom, that the Spirit of God took occasion from the former to speak of the latter. He either takes occasion to speak of and fore-tell the Messiah, and the great events appertaining to his salvation, upon occasion of the coming to pass of these ancient events, or on his speaking of these events, celebrat-Ing or promising them, he takes occasion to speak of these latter and greater events, jofinting what is declared of the one with what he reveals . he other in the same dis-course; which is an argument that one has relation to the other, and is the image of the other. Thus the Spirit of God, when speaking by Balsam, took occasion, when celebrating the wondirfiii work of God in bringing them out of Egypt, to foretell that great salvation that God should work for his twople by ihe Messiah. Num. xxiii. 23. So the Spirit of God in Nathan, when speaking of the glorious reign of Solomon, and his building a house to God's name, and promising these things to David, 2 Sam. vii. takes occasion to foretell and romise the more glorious and everlasting kingdom of the ;essiah; as it is evident that David understood the words of Nathan by what he says in chapter xxiii. and in the book of Psalms; and as t is evident from many things in the prophets, the Spirit of God intended them. From the ark s being carried up nto mount Sion, and the great joy and privileges of Israel consequent thereupon, the Spirit took occasion to :,;k very much of the exaltation Of the Messiah, and th
rious privileges of his people consequent thereupon ; as in 1 Chron. xvi. 7-36. especially from verse 22. So in Psalm 1xviii. which was penned or indited on occasion of the ascension of the ark into mount Sion, as any one may be satisfied by duly considering the matter of the psalm, especially verses 25-29. and by comparing the first and seventh. verses of this psalm with Num. x. 35. and by com ring Many passages in this psalm with many parts
of ga
it rog of David, on occasion of the carrying tip the ark, that is recorded in 1 Chron. xvi. Again, on this oc-casion the Spirit of God speaks of the things of the Mes-siah in Psalm cxxxii. which was penned on that occasion, as is very plain from the matter of the psalm, and by comparing verses 8, 9, 10, 11. with 2 Chron. vi. 4 1, 42.
From David's great victories over the Syrians and Edom-tes, the Spirit of God takes occasion to speak much of the victories of the Messiah in Psalms Ix. and cviii. Psalm xxii. which is evidently a remarkable prophecy of the Messiah, was written on occasion of the introducing of Solomon to the throne of Israel, as is evident from the title, together with the first verse of the psalm.
So the Spirit of God does abundantly take occasion to foretell and promise the redemption of the Messiah, and the overthrow of his people's enemies by him ; from these two events, the destruction of Sennacherib7s army, and the deliverance of Jerusalem from him, and likewise the de-struction of Babylon, and the redemption of the Jews from their Babvlonish captivity.
Not only does God take occasion from these historical events to speak of the great events that appertain to the Messiah's coming and salvation; but with regard to several of them, be manifestly speaks of both under one; the same words have respect to both events. One is spoken of under the other, as though one were contained in the other, or as though one were the other ; which can be no other wa v, than by one being the type or representa-tion of the other, in thitt sense wherein Datid said the waters of the well of Bethlehem was the blood of those men that bought it in jeopardy of their lives ; as the beasts Daniel saw are said to 6 kingdoms,stad the horns tobe kings, and as Ezekiel's hair is said to be Jerusalem. Fzek. v. 5.
TYPES OF THE MESSIAH.
Thus Balaqm prophesied of David who smote the four comers of Moab, and of the Messiah, under one. So it is.most manifest that the peace and glory of Solomon's reign, and that of the reign of the Messiah, are spoken of under one. Psalm lxxii. And that the ascending of the ark into mount Sion, and the ascension of the Messiah, are also spoken of under one in Psalm Nviii.
Some of the historical events of the Old Testament, if
they are not typical, must needs be very impertinend ' v
taken notice of in the history ; as David's sacrificing when
they had gone six paces with the ark ; 2 Sam. vi. 13. It
must be both insignificantly done and impertinently re-
lated in the history, unless there be some signification of
some important thing in it. So the relation of there being
twelve fountainsof water and threescore and ten palm-trees.
The remarkable similitude there is between many of
the events in the Old Testament, both miraculous and
others, and the prophetical descriptions of events relating
to the Messiah ' is an argument that the former were de-
signed resemblances of the latter. God's causing the
light to shine out of darkness, as Moses gives us an ac-
count of it in the history of the creation, has a great simi-
litude with what is foretold to come to pass in the Mes-
siah's times. Isaiah x1ii. 16. 11 1 will make darkness
light before them." Isaiah ix. 2. 11 The people that walk-
ed in darkness have seen a great light. They that dwell
in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the
light shined." Isaiah xxix. 18. 11 The e ' yes of the blind
shall see out of obscurity and out of darkness." So there
is a great resemblance between the account Moses gives
us of a river that ran through the midst of Eden to water
the trees of paradise, and the descriptions which the pro-
Vbets give of what should be in the Messiah's times; as zek. x1vii. 7. 11 Now when I had returned, behold at the bank of the river were very many trees, on the one side and on the other." Ver. 12. 11 And by the river upon the bank thereof, on this side and on that side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade, neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed." Isaiah x1i. 18, 19. 11 1 will open rivers in high places, and fountains In the midst of the valleys. I will make the wilderness a pool of wa-ler, and the dry land springs of water. I will plant in the wifderness the cedar, the shittah-tree, and the myrtle and the oil-tree. I will set in the desert the fir-tree and the pine and the box-tree together." Compared with Isaiah Ii. 3. "The Lord will comfort Sion-and he will make her wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the Lord." Ezek. xxxvi. 35. "This land that was desolate is become like the garden of Eden;" and Psalm x1vi. 4. "There is a river the streams whereof make glad the city of God;" taken with Num. xxiv. 3, 6. " How goodly are thy tents, 0 Jacob, and thy tabernacles, 0 Israel I As the ;allevs are they spread forth ; as the "ard- 'y the river side; as the trees of lign aloes which
7h rd 61th P4711ted, and as cedar-trees beside the wa-ters ;" and Jer. xxxi . 12. 11 And their soul shall be like a watered garden, and they shall not sorrow any more at all." So between what we are told of the tree of life in Eden, (which being in the midst of the garden, we have reason to think was by the river,) and the representations made of what should be in the Messiah's times, Ezek. x1vii. 9, 12. " Every thing that liveth, which moveth, whitherso-ever the river shall come, shall live. Every thing shall live whither the river cometh. And by the river upon the bank thereof, on this side and on that side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade, neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed. It:hall bring forth new fruit according to his months. Th fruit thereof shall be for meat, and the leaf thereof for medicine."
The things that we have an account of in Moses's his-tory of the deluge, have a great resemblance of many of the Old-Testament representations of things that shall be brought to pass in the time of the Messiah's kingdom. That destruction of the wicked world by a flood of waters, Is ver agreeable to the Old-Testament representation of 'he ure destruction that shall come on all God's ene-rnies, and particularly in the Messiah's days. The wicked of the old world were destroyed by a dreadful tempest. So it is said concerning the ungodly, Job xxvii. 20, 21. 11 Terrors take hold on him as waters; a tempest stealeth
649
him away in the night. The east wind carrieth him away, and he departeth ; a storm hurleth him out of his place." Sorrow and misery is very often represented by overwhelm-ing waters, and God's wrath by waves and billows. Ps. x1ii. 7. and lxxxviii. 7. The waters of the flood did not onl
overwhelm the wicked, but came into their bowels. =
wrath on the ungodly is compared to this very thing. Ps.
cix. 18. 11 As he clothed himself with cursing like as with
a garment, so let it come into his bowels like water." In
the time of the flood the waters were poured down out of
heaven like spouts or cataracts of water. God's wrath is
compared unto this, Ps. x1ii. 7. 11 Deep calleth unto deep
at the noise of thy water-spouts." The waters of the de-
luge were what the ungodly of the world could not escape,
or bide themselves from them by resorting to caves in the
ground, or digging deep in the earth, or flying to the tops
of mountains ; so likewise is the matter represented with
respect to God's wrath on the ungodly, in Isaiah xxviii.
17. 11 The waters shall overflow the hiding-place;" and
Amos ix. 1, 2. 11 He that fleeth of them shall not flee
away : be that escapeth of them shall not be delivered.
Though they dig into bell, thence shall mine hand take
them: though they climb up to heaven, thence will I
bring them down: and though they bide themselves in
the top of Carmel, I will search and take them out
thence:" and so in many other places. Particularly is
there a great resemblance between the destruction that
was brought on the wicked world by the flood, and what
is foretold of the wicked in the Messiah's times ; as in
Isaiah xxiv. 18, 19, 20. 11 And it shall come to pass, that
he who fleeth from the noise of the fear, shall fall into a
pit; and be that cometh up out of the midst of the pit,
shall be taken in the snare." (So that there shall be no
escaping, let them flee where the i v will, as it was in the
time of the deluge.) 11 For the windows from on high are
open, and the fbundations of the earth do shake. The
earth is utterly broken down ; the earth is clean dissolved ;
the earth is moved exceedingly-and the transgression
thereof shall be heavy upon it." There is not only a re-
semblance between this representation of the punishment
of the wicked world in the Messiah's days, and the his-
tory of the flood, but here seems to be an evident allusion
to ihe flood, and a designed comparisori of that destruc-
tion of God's enemies, and what was in the time of the
flood, when we are told the windows of heaven were
opened, and the fountains of the great deep were broken
up, &c. So the destruction of God's enemies in the Mes-
siah's times is represented as being by a flood. Dan. ix.
26. 11 And the end thereof shall be with a flood;" and to
a flood occasioned by a mighty rain, Ezek. xxxviii. 22.
11 1 will rain upon him and upon hip bands, and upon the
many people that are with hini, an overflowing rain."
There is also a remarkable agreement between what we
are told in Moses's history of the preservation of those
that were in the ark, and what is often declared in Old-
Testament prophecies conceming the preservation and
salvation of the church by the Messiah. Isa. xxxii. at the
beginning. "A man shalf be a biding-place from the wind,
a covert from the tempest." Isa. iv. 6. 11 And there sball
be a place of refuge, and for a covert from storm, and
from rain." Isa. xxv. 4. "Thou hast been a strength
to the poor, a strength to the needy in distress, a re-
fuge from the storm-when the blast of the terrible
ones is as the storm against the wall." Psal. xIvi. 1, 2,
3. "God is our refuge and strength, we will not fear
though the earth be removed, though the mountains be
carried into the midst of die sea" (as they in a sense were
in the flood. They were in the midst of the sea; the sea
surrounded and overwhelmed them). 11 Though the waters
thereof roar and are troubled ; though the mountains
shake with the swelling thereof." Isa. x1iii. 2. " When
thou passest through the waters, I will be with thee:"
compare these texts with Psalm xxxii. 6. 11 Surely in the
flood of great waters, they shall not come nigh thee," and
Psalm xci. 7. 11 A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten
thousand at thy right hand, but it shall 'not come nigh
thee." We ma i y suppose that there was a resorting and
flocking of animals from all parts of the world, such as
are proper to hot countries, from the south; and such as
dwell in colder climates, from the north. And as there
650
are many countries that have their peculiar kinds of ani-
mals; so we may suppose there was a resorting from
every quarter. A resorting of beasts and a flocking of
birds, -which is a lively resemblance of what is often fore-
told of the gathering of God's people into his church from
all quarters in the Messiah's days, and coming to him for
salvation when all the ends of the earth should look to
him to be saved. Isaiah Av. 22. When God should
bring the seed of his church from the east, and gather them
from the west, and would say to (be north, Give up, and
to the south, Keep not back. Bring my sons from far, and
my daughters from the ends of the earth. Isa. xIiii. 6, 7.
and many other parallel places. And God would gather
his people from all countries, agreeably to many prophe-
cies, and it shall be said, Who are those that fly as a cloud,
and as doves to their windows? The gatgering of all
kinds of creatures to the ark, clean and unclean, tame and
wild, gentle and rapacious, innocent and venomous; ty-
gers, wolves, bears, lions, leopards, serpents, vi rs, dm-
gons; and the door of the ark standing open to trem, and
their all dwelling there peaceably together under one head,
even Noah, who kindl ' y receivea them and took care of
them, fed and saved them, and to whom they tamely sub-
mitted, is a lively representation of what is often foretold
concerning the Messiah's days, when it is foretold, that not
only the Jews should be saved but unclean Gentile na-
tions, when the gates of God's church should be open to
all Sorts of people, (Isa. Ix. 11. with the context,) when
yroclamation should be made to every one to come freely.
sa. Iv. 1-9. And God would abundantly Pardon the
wicked and unrighteous, ver. 6, 7, 8, 9. and would bring
again even the captivity of Sodom and her daughters.
Ezek. xvi. 53. And those nations should be gathered to
God's church, to be one holy society with Israel, that were
wont to be their most cruel and inveterate enemies ; such
as the Egyptians ; Psal. lxxxvii. 4. and 1xviii. 31. Isa. xix.
18, to the end, and x1v. 14. The Philistines; Psal. Ix. 8.
and lxxxvii. 4. Zech. ix. 6, 7. The Chaldeans; Psal.
lxxxvii. 4. and Assyrians; Isa. xix. 23, 24, 25.; and the
most wild and barbarous nations, Tabor and Hermon, that
were noted haunts of wild beasts; Psal. lxxxvii. 12.
Cant. iv. 8. Psal. x1ii. 6. Hos. v. 1. and the nations of
Arabia and Ethiopia, (in many places see fulfilment of
prophecies of Messiah, § 160.) countries that abounded
with the most rapacious, venomous, and terrible animals.
When it is foretold that the beasts of the field should
honour God, and the dragons and the owls, Isa. x1iii. 19,
20. and when it is foretold, 11 that the wolf shall dwell
with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the
kid, and the calf, and the young lion, and the failing toge-
ther, and a little child shaill lead them; and the COW and
the bear shall feed, and their young ones shall lie down
together; and the lion shall eat straw like the ox, an the
sucking child shall play on the hole of the asp, and the
weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice' den,
and they shall not hurt nor destrov in all God's holy
mountain," Isa. xi. 6-9. and chap. I' xv. 25. events under
the Messiah's kingdom are intended. The ark was a
great while tossed to and fro on the face of the flood, ready
to be overwhelmed ; but at last rested on a high mountain
or rock, and the company in it had enlargement and
liberty, and were brought into a new world. So the church
in th~ Messiah's da ' Vs is long in a state of affliction, tossed
tern pest and not comforted. Isa. liv. 11. But when A is read y to be overwhelmed, God will lead her to the ,.ck that ii higher than she, Psal. Ixi. 2. and she shall be brought out of her affliction into a new world, Isa. 1xv. 17, 18. and shall dwell in God's holy mountain, as is often foretold.
Another historical event, between which and the Old-Testament representations of spiritual thingq, and parti-cular things appertaining to the Messiah's kingdoin, there is a great resemblance in the destruction of Sodom and the Deighbouring cities. There is a great resemblance between this and the future punishment of the wicked in general, as represented in the Old Testament. Fire and brimstone Were poured out from God out of heaven, and rained down on these cities : so the wrath of God is often in the Old Testament compared to fire, and is represented as poured out from heaven on the ungodly, and particularly to be
TYPES OF THE MESSIAH.
poured out like fire. Nahum i. 6. Isa. xIii. 25. Jer. Aiv.
6. Lam. ii. 4. and iv. 11. Ezek. xxii- 21, 22, 31. So it
is threatened in allusion to the manner of Sodom's de-
struction, Psal. xi. 6. that upon the wicked God would
min snares, fire, and brimstone, and an horrible or burning
tempest, (as it is in the marginj and it is said this should
be the portion of their CUP. That destruction came on
Sodom suddenly and unexpectedly, while the inhabitants
were in the midst of their voluptuousness and wickedness,
and wholly at ease and quiet, in the morning, when the
sun arose pleasantly on the earth, and when the idle and
unclean inhabitants were drowned in sloth, sleep, and
pleasures; which is agreeable to what is often represented
in the Old Testament of the manner of God's bringing
destruction on the wicked. It came on Sodom as a snare.
So it is said in that 1 ith Psal . 11 Snares, fire, and brimstone,
shall God rain," &c. That while the wicked is about to
fill his bell ' v, God shall cast the fury of his wrath upon
him, and rain it Upon him while be is eating, Job xx. 23.
That God hath set them in slippery places, and that they
are cast down to destruction in a moment, and are utterly
consumed with terrors. Psal. lxxiii. 18, 19. That their
destruction fdlls suddenly upon them, as the fishes are
taken in an evil net, (when sporting securely in the water,)
and as birds are caught in the snare (when They are feeding
and pleasing themselves with the bait). Eccl. ix. 12.
Particularly this is represented as the manner of destruc-
tion's coming on them that harden their necks when often
reproved, as the inhabitants of Sodom had been by Lot, as
appears by Gen. xix. 9. Prov. xxix. 1. 11 He that being
often repioved hardeneth his neck, shall suddenly be
destroyed, and that without remedy." There is a special
resemblance between the destruction of Sodom, and the
destruction that is foretold to come on the enemies of God
and the Messiah tinder the Messiah's kingdom, which is
often represented as being by fire. Mal. iii. 1. 11 Who may
abide the day of his coming? And who shall stand when
be appeareth ? For he is like a refiner's fire. A refiner's
fire is a vehement furnace, that burns U p the dross. Chap.
iv. 1. 11 For behold, the day cometh that shall burn as an
oven, and the proud, yea, all that do wickedly, shall be as
stubble; and the day that cometh shall burn them up,
saith the Lord of bosts ; it shall leave them neither root
nor branch." Psal. xxi. 9. 11 Thou shalt make them as a
fiery oven in the day of thine anger. The Lord shall swal-
low them tip in his *wrath, and the fire shall devour them."
Dan. vii. 11. 11 1 beheld till the beast was slain, and his
body destroyed and given to the burning flame." Yea,
thaf destruction is represented as effected by raining down
fire and brimstone upon them. Ezek. xxxviii. 22. 11 And
I will plead against him with pestilence and with blood;
and I will rain upon him, and upon his bands, and upon
the many eople that are with him, an overflowing rain
and great Eailstones, fire and brimstone." Isa. xxx. 30.
11 And the Lord shall cause his glorious voice to be heard,
and shall show the lighting down of his arm with the in-
dignation of his anger, and with the flame of devouring
fire, with scattering, and tempest, and hailstones." Ver.
33. 11 For Tophet is ordained of old ; for the king it is
prepared. He hath made it deep and large. The pile
thereof is fire and much wood. The breath of the Lord,
like a stream of brimstone, doth kindle it' " Cba xxix.
6. 11 Thou shalt be visited of the Lord of hosts witK'thun-
der, and with earthquake, and great noise, with storm and
tempest, and the flame of devouring fire." The Messiah's
enemies are represented as destro ' yed with everlasting fire;
Isa. xxxiii. 11-14. 11 The people shall be as the burning
of lime; as thorns cut up shall they be burnt in the fire.-
Who among us shall dwell with the devouring fire? Who
among us shall dwell with everlasting burnings ?" Isa.
lxvi. 15, 16. 11 For behold, the Lord will come with fire,
and with his chariots like a whirlwind, to render vengeance
with fury, and his rebuke with flames of fire. For by fire
and b " v his sword will the Lord plead with all flesh, and
the slain of the Lord shal I be many :" with ver. 24. " And
they shall go forth and look upon the carcasses of the men
that have transgressed against me, for their worm shall not
die, neither shall their fire be quench
TYPES OF THE MESSIAH.
were, everlasting fire, inasmuch as the destruction it
brought upon them was everlasting and irreparable deso-
lation, so that the * V never could be built again, and never
any creature, either man or beast, could live there any
more; which is often particularly remarked in Scripturi.
Isa. xiii. 19, 20.* Jer. xlix. 18. and chap. 1. 39, 40. Isa.
i. 9. The p!ace, land, or lake where Sodom and its
neighbour cities once were, is a place that ever since
abounds with that sulphurous inflammable matter, that is
called bitumen and asphaltum, and in our translation of the
arkable resemblance of what is fore-destruction of God's enemies in the
Isa. xxxiv. &--10. 11 For it is the day of the Lord's vengeance, and the year of recompences for the controversy of- Zion; and the streams thereof shall be turned into itch, (or bitumen or asphaltumJ and the dust thereof into trimstone ; and the land thereof shall become burning tch. It shall not be quenched night nor day. The SmOfe thereof shall go up for ever; from generation to generation it shall lie waste; none shall pas for ever and ever." This destruction came on as the sun was up, and had enlightened the
beams. So it is manifest, from many pro great, destruction of the enemies of the ch
s Oken of, is when God comes and appears gloriously for hpS people, and when the morning of that glorious day of the church's light, Leace, and triumph is come on, and the glory of the Lord s 11 be risen upon the church, and the Sun of righteousness with healing in his wings. Then will the day come that will buri~ as an oven, and the wicked shall be as stubble. Lot's being so wonderfully delivered and saved from the destruction, well represents that great preservation of God's church and people, so often spoken of by the prophets, in that time of God's indiggation and day of his wrath and vengeance on his enemies.
The remarkable similitude there is between very many thiDgs in the history of Joseph, and the Old-Testametit pro, hecies of the Messiah, argue the former to be a type
tKn of e latter. Joseph is said to be the son of Jacob's'old age. Gen. xxxvii. 3. So the Messiah is every where represented in the prophecies, as coming and setting up his kingdom in the latter days. He was Jacob's beloved son. Gen. xxxvii. 3. So the pro~hecies do represent the Mes-siah as the beloved Son of God. They represent him as the Son of God. (See fulfilmeut of the prophecies of the Messiah, 4 15.) They also represent him as one that should be'in a very peculiar and transcendent manner the beloved of God. (See fulfilment of prophecies, &c. § 18.) Joseph was clothed with a beautiful garment. So the pro-phecies represent the Messiah as clothed with beautiful and glorious garments. Zecb. iii. 4, 5 ' "Take awy the filthy garments from him. I will clothe thee with c ge of ra~iment-so they set a fair mitre on his bead , aDd clothed him with garments." Isa. Ixi. 10. 11 He hath clothed me with the garments of salvation. Hp hath covered me with a robe of righteousness, as a bridegroom decketh himself with ornaments, and as a bride adorneth herself with her "els." The sheaves of Joseph's brethren in his vision all bow down to his sheaf. So it is prophesied of the Messiah, that God would make him his first-born, higher than the kings ofthe earth. P-al. lxxxix. 27. Kings are said all of them to be the SODS of the Most High; but this king is represented as made the highest by God, and all the rest as being made to bow down unto fiim. Psal. lxxii. 11 - 11 Yea, all things shall fall down before him." Isa. xlix. 7. 11 Kings shall see and arise; princes also shall worship; because oftbe Lord that is faithful, and the Ifoly One of Israel, and he shall choose thee." See also ver. 23. and Psal. xlv. 11 He hath anointed thee with the
oil of gladness above thy fellows." And many other places import the same thin Tie saints are often in the prophecies called the chilgre. of God. And they are represented as the Messiah's brethren. Psal. xxii. 2~. " I will declare thy Dame unto my brethren; in the midst of the congregation will I praise thee." But the Messiah is every where represented as their Lord and King, whom they honour, and submit to, and obey. Yea, it is promised 'hat everY knee should bow to him. Isa. xlv. 23. The
651
sun, moon, and sum, are represented as makin bei to Joseph. So in the prophecies th
sented as God, whom the Old Testa of
as ruling sun, moon, and stars.
represeni~d as declaring the Messiah's righteousness. (Psal. xcvii. 6. and 1. 6.) And.the heavens, and earth, and sea, and the whole universe, is represented as rejoicing and
worshi in a d ' * the Messiah on occasion of his
. ppli in praising coming an1kingdom. Psal. xcvi. 11-13. Ixix. 34. Isa. xliv. 23. and xlix. 13. And the sun is represented as being ashamed, and the moon confounded, and the stars with-drawing their shining, (as it were veiling their faces as the worshippinjangels do~ before the Messiah, at his comig to reign in e world. Ea. xxiv. 23. Joel iii. 15. And the stars as falling from heaven; Isa. xxxiv. 4. Joseph's father and mother are represented as bowing down to him to the earth. This was never fulfill1eprOperly with res ect to J h If is father, when he t h rn in Egyptp Tid not, tt:tep
w~ have any account, thus bow down to him; and his mother was dead long before; both Rachel and Leah were dead before Jacob went down into Egypt. But the Messiah's ancestors are represented as wo *hl i him.
The Messiah is represented as the Son Of Lp'vZ; but David calls him Lord. Psal. ex. 1. Joseph was hated by his brethren, which is agreeable to what the prophecies represent of the Messiah. Psal. Ixix. 8. 11 1 am become a stranger to my brethren, and an alien unto my mother's children." Joseph was hated by the SODS Of the same father, Jacob. So the prophecies do represent the Messiah as a son of Jacob, one of the seed of Israel, but as hated by the generality of his seed, the Jews. Joseph's brethren sold him for a few pieces of silver; so the prophecies do re sent the Jews as selling the Messiah for a few pieces
o7re
silver. Zech. xi. 12, 13. Joseph's brethren went about to murder him; so the proyhecies represent the Messiah as being murdered by the ews. Joseph was the saviour of his brethren and the church of God. He saved their lives. So the Messiah is abundantly represented in the prophecies as the saviour of his brediren ; the saviour of the saints, the church of God, and of the nation of the Jews; and as one that saves them from death. Joseph was the saviour of the world, not Only of the seed of Israel, but the Gentile nations, yea of all nations. For the famine was sore in all lands, even over all the face of the earth, and all countries came into Egypt to JoseTh to buy corn. Gen. x1i. 56,57. And his name Ziphnat -paaneah, in the EFyptian language, signifies the saviour of the world. This is exactly agreeable to the Old-Testament representation of the Messiah. Joseph was first in a state of' great humiliation, and afterwards in a state of exalta-tion. In his state of humiliation he was a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief. His disgrace and sugermir
were very great. He suffered all unjustly from the an of men, being innocerlit, and wrongfully condemned. He suffered as being guilty of borrid crimes. And had his place and lot among great criminals; and suffered all with admirable meekness; which is exactly agreeable to the prophecies of the Messiah. Joseph was a servant to one of the chief rulers of Egypt, Potiphar, the captain of the guard. So the Messiah is called tfie servant of rulers. Isa. xlix. 7. Joseph was one of the king's prisoners, under the hand of the king's chief officer of justice, the captain of the guard, and, as it were, high sheriff of Egg t. So the Messiah is represented as suffering from the nds of God, who bruised him and put him to grief, and as exe-cuting justice upon him for man's sins, making his soul an offering for sin. Joseph's being cast into the dungeon is a fit representation of what the prophecies do represent of the Messiah's extreme affliction and grief, and his being brought to the grave, (often called the pit in the Old Testament" an remaining some time in the state of death . JoFeth was a prophet. He had divine visions himself, and ad kno7vledge in the visions of God, and could interpret the visions of others. This is agreeable to Old-Testament representations of the Messiah. Ile was a revealer of secrets, as his name Zaphnath-paaneah, si'T ifies in the Hebrew tongue, and revealed those secrets th t none other could reveal, and after the wisdom of all the wise men of Egypt had been tried and proved insuf-ficient. Gen. xh. 8,~9, &c. This is agreeable to what is
652
TYPES OF THE MESSIAH.
represented of the Messiah in Isa. x1i. two last verses, and
x1ii. 1. 11 For I beheld, and there was no man even amongst
them, and there was no counsellor, that when I asked of
them, could answer a word. Behold, they are all vanity.
Behold my servant whom I uphold, mine elect in whom my
souldelighteth. I have put my Spirit uponbim; he shall
bring forth jud ment to the Gentiles." Josephiss kenof
as distinguisheN from all in that he was one in wrom the
Spirit of God was. How aFeeable is this to the frequent re-
presentations in the Old 'I estament of the Messiah, as one
that God puts his SEirit upon I Joseph is spoken of as one to
whom none was to e compared for wisdom, and prudence,
and counsel throughthe Spiritof God. Gen. x1i. 38,39. This
is agreeable to what is fbretold of the Messiah, Isa. ix. 6.
11 His name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor." Chap.
xi. 2, 3. , The Spirit of the Lord shall rest upon him; the
spirit of wisdom and understanding ; the spirit of counsel
and might ; the spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the
Lord, and shall make him of quick understanding in the
fear of the Lord." Zech. iii. 9. 11 Upon one stone shall be
seven eyes." Isa. Iii. 13. 11 Behold, my servant shall deal
prudently." See also that forementioned, Isa. x1i. and
two last verses, and x1ii. 1. Joseph was exalted for this
his 9. at wisdom; which is agreeable to what is said of
the essiah, Isa. Iii. 13. 11 Behold, my servant shall deal
dently ; he shall be exalted, and extolled, and be very
irguh . agreeably to this, Joseph's exaltation was very
great. lie was exalted by the king of the country, who
we may well suppose in this case represents God, seeing it
is evident by the Old Testament, that kings in their kingl~
authority are the images of God. (Psal. lxxxii. 1, 6)
Pharaofi exalts Joseph over all his house and people. So
the prophecies do often represent God as exalting the
Messiah over his people and his house, or temple, and
over heaven. The king exalted Joseph to be next to him-
self in his kingdom, to ride in the second chariot which
he had. So the prophecies represent the Messiah as the
second in God s kingdom, next to God the Father, and
exalted by him to this dignity. Psal. ex. I Sit thou on
right hand." Psal. lxxxix. 111 will make him my first-
rn, higher than the kings of the earth." Joseph was
exalted over all the nobles and rulers of the land of Egypt,
excepting Pharaoh himself. Psal. cv. 21, 22. Agreeable
to this it is often represented in the prophecies, that all
kings shall be made to bow and submit to the Messiah.
And it is also implied that the angels of heaven, as well
as all nations of the earth, should be subjected to him
by God. Dan. vii. 9, &c. 11 1 beheld till the thrones were
cast down, and the Ancient of days did sit. Thousand
thousands ministered unto him-1 saw one in the night
visions, and beheld one like unto the Son of man come
forth in the clouds of heaven, and come to the Ancient of
days ; and they brought him near before him, and there
was given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that
all nations and languages should serve him." Dan. xii. 1.
Michael the great prince-together with chap. x. 13.
'4 Michael, the first of the chief princes," with the context,
that I ea . s of angels as princes. Pharaoh invested
J..,J .ith his own authority and honour as his repre-
sentative and vicegerent. For he took off his own ring
from his hand, and put it OD Joseph's hand. So the pr6~
~ilecies do represent God as investing the Messiah with
s authority and honour, seating him on his own throne,
and causing him to bcar the glory. Zech. vi. 12, 13.
And there are many other propheci~s that imply the same.
Pharaoh arra ed Joseph with change f rament, pure
garments, any ensigns of royalty, agreealo1v to 'what is ore-
told of the Messiah. Zech.'iii. iind Isa. Ixi. 10. Pharaoh
arrayed Joseph in fine linen. Gen. x1i. 42. as the Messiah
is represented as clothed in fine linen, Dan. x. 5.: for it
may, by well considering the chapter, be gathered, that
the person there spoken of is the same with Michael men-
tioned in verses 13 and 21. and chapter xii. 1. Pharaoh,
when he exalted Joseph, committed all his treasures and
stores into Joseph's band, to bestow on others and feed
mankind. Psal.cv.21. He made him lord ofhis house
and ruler of all his substance. And particularly Joseph
received those stores and treasures to bestow on his inju-
rious brethren that had been mortal enemies to him ;
which is agreeable to what is said of the Messiah's exalta-
tion. Psal. 1xviii. 18. 11 Thou hast ascended on high-thou hast received gifts for men, yea, for the rebellious also." When Pharaoh exalted Joseph he gave him his wife. So the Messiah's marriage with his church is repre-sented as following his humiliation and attending his exaltation, in Isa. Iiii. and -liv. Joseph marries the daugh-trX of Potiph , which signifies destroyer of fatness, a word of the sa e signification with some of the names
given in Script to the devil. This Potipherah was
a, e
Ignifies iniquity, or soi-row. So the
sent the Messiah as bringing his church
himself from a state of sin and wick-
11 Turn, 0 backsliding children, unto
me, for I am married unto you." Co~npare flos. ii.
throughout; Psal. Av. 10. with Ezek. xvi. 3, &c. 11 Thy
birth and thy nativity is of the land of Canaan ; thy father
was an Amorite, and thy mother a Hittite.-When I
passed by thee and saw thee polluted in thy blood-be-
hold, thy time was the time of love-and I entered into
covenant with thee, and thou becamest mine." And the
prophecies do every where represent the Messiah as bring-
ing his people into a blessed relation and union with him-
self from a state of sin. Joseph's wife's name was
Asenath, which signifies an unfi)rtunate thing. Agreeably
to this the Messiah is repres~nted as e ousing, after lifs
exaltation, a poor, unhaypy, afflicted, Ssisconsolate crea-
ture. Isa. liv. 4, &c. 11 'ear not, for thou shalt not be
ashamed ; neither be thou confounded, for thou shalt not
be put to shame. For thou shalt forget the shame of thy
... th and shalt not remember the reproach of thy wido%~-
hood 'an), more, for thy Maker is thy husband ; for the
Lord hath called thee as a woman fb~saken and grieved
in spirit, and a wife of youth, when thou wast refused."
Verse 11. 11 0 thou afflicted, tossed with tempest and not
comforted: behold, I will lai thy stones with fair co-
lours," &c. Hos. ii. 9, &c. 11 will return and take awav
my corn-none shall deliver out of my hand-I will
destroy her vines and her fig-trees-I will visit upon her
the days of Baalim-I will bring her into the wilderness
and speak comfortably unto her-and at that da ' v she shall
call me Isbi." Verses 19, 20. 11 And I will betroth thee
unto me for ever; yea, I will betroth thee unto me," &c.
Isa. 1xii. 44. 11 Thou shalt no more be termed Forsaken,
neither shall thy-land be any more termed Desolate, but
thou shalt be called liephzibih, and thy land Beulah; for
the Lord delighteth in thee, and thy land shall be married
-and as the bridegroom re.joiceth over the bride, so shall
thy God rejoice over thee."' Joseph's brethren are in
great troubl~ and perplexity, and are brought to reflect on
themselves for their SiDs, and deeply to humble themselves
before him, before Joseph speaki comfortably to them,
and makes known his love and favour to them, and re-
ceives them to the blessings glo is kingdom.
This is agreeable to what the prop ie ften represent
of the Messiah with respect to sinners. Hos. ii. 14, 15.
11 1 will allure her and bring her into the wilderness, and
speak comfortably unto her, and I will give her her vine-
yards from tbence-and she shall sing there." See also
Jer. iii. 12, 13, 21, 22. Chap. xxxi. 18-20. Joseph's
brethren, before they were comforted and made happy by
him, are brought to cry with the greatest humility, and
earnestness, and penitence, for their abuse of Jos~ph, to
him for mercy. Agreeably to the prophecies of the Mes-
siah, Zech. xii. 10, &c. 11 And I wilt pour upon the house
of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit
01 e and supplications, and they shall look upon me
112-mcthey have pierced, and the ' y shall mourn for him,"
&c. Iles. v. 15. 11 1 will go and return to my place, till
they acknowledge their offence and seek mv f~c~ : in their
affliction, they shall seek me eafly." Eiek. xxxvi. 37.
I will yet for this be inquired of by the house of1srael
ure priest of On, which prophecies do repre into espousals with edness. Jer. iii. 14
to do it for them." Jer. xxix. 12-14. 11 Then shall ye call upon ine, and ye shall go and pray unto me, and I will hearken unto you, and ye shall seek me and find me, when ye shall search for me with all your heart. And I will be found of you, saith the Lord, and I will turn away your captivity." When once Joseph's brethren were thoroughly humbled, then his bowels yearned towards them with exceeding great compassion and tenderness of heart, though before lie treated them as if be was very
TYPES OF THE MESSIAH.
19-21. This is agreeable to what is often spoken of in
the pr becies, as a great benefit God's people shall have
by theogessiah. (See fulfilment of prophecies, 4 79. and
~ 86.) The manner of Joseph's comforting bis'brethren
in the manifestations and fruits of his special and peculiar
love, his bringing them Dear him, making known himself
to them as theirs in a near relation, his treating them with
such great tenderness, his embracing them, his manifesting
so great a concern for their welfare, his putting such
bonour upon them befbre the Egyptians, his entertaining
them with a sumptuous joyful feasit in his house and at his
own table, his clothing them with change of miment, his
bringing them into his own land and there giving them a
goodly inheritance, plentifully providing for them in
Gosh~n, a land of ligbt; all is remarkably agreeable to
descriptions given in the prophecies of the manner of God's
comforting, blessing, exalting, and manifesting his great
favour to his church, after her long-continued sin and sor-
rows, in the days of the Messiah's kingdom' in places too
many to be en' e brethren t this e
c. . .1". , 8,c. whic , _</